The course covers most of the important survey techniques and representation of spatial information, with particular regard to the most modern methods and instrumentation of the last generations. Are discussed in detail the topics that are the basis of survey, while also providing the scientific data that enable the full understanding.
Slides and various handouts downloadable from the E-LEARNING platform
Chapter 3 - P. Bencini, Notions on Nozioni sulle applicazioni della Teoria degli Errori alla geodesia
operativa, Military Geographic Institute , Florence, 1988.
- A. China, Trattamento delle misure topografiche, Celid, Turin, 2002
Chapter 4.5 - Claudio Pigato, AZIMUT Modulo: Rilievo topografico, Editrice Poseidonia, Bologna, 2001
Chapter 6 - C. D'Arrigo, Appunti geometria dell'ellissoide di riferimento, Military Geographical Institute,
Florence, 1990.
- G. Birardi, Corso di geodesia, topografia e fotogrammetria, Military Geographical Institute,
Florence, 1965.
- G. Inghilleri, Topografia Generale, UTET, Turin, 1974
Chapter 7 - A. China, GPS, Celid, Torino, 2000
- L. Biagi, I fondamentali del GPS, Geomatics Workbooks, 2000
(Http://geomatica.como.polimi.it/workbooks/n8)
Chapter 8 - M. A. Gomarasca, Elementi di geomatica, Italian Remote Sensing Association, 2004
Chapter 9 - P. Bencini, Appunti di cartografia, Military Geographical Institute, Florence, 1985
Chapter 10 - G. Biallo, Introduzione ai Sistemi Informativi Geografici, MondoGis, 2005 (www.geoforus.it)
Learning Objectives
Provide a complete overview of issues related to the detection and representation of spatial information, also providing the scientific elements that allow understanding. Outline the history and evolution of survey techniques, exploring the most modern and current methods: global reference systems, GNSS positioning, LIDAR survey both territorial and architectural, territorial information systems.
Prerequisites
Knowledge of mathematics and geometry (Mathematics Institutions examination program): Systems for measuring angles, trigonometric functions and their relations, solution of the right-angled triangle and whatever. Analytic geometry, Cartesian and polar coordinates in the plane and in space, equation of the line, angular coefficient. Linear systems and their solutions. Matrix calculation. Derivatives and differential of multi-variable functions, partial derivatives, total differentials, Taylor series developments
Teaching Methods
Frontal lessons, classroom exercises, vision of the functioning of some topographic instruments outside
Type of Assessment
Written task with numerical solution of topography problems with the use of a scientific calculator and short answer conceptual questions. After passing the written exam, oral questioning on all the topics of the course
Course program
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
11.Georeferencing of geographical information - Statement of the problem, the role of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography. Sequencing of the relief phase. Location of objects, absolute and relative position.
2. MATHEMATICS REVIEW
21.Angular measurements - Measuring systems of the corners, passing between systems.
22. Review of Trigonometry - Trigonometric functions and their relationships. Right triangle solution. Any triangle solution.
23. Review of analytic geometry - Cartesian and polar coordinates in the plane. Cartesian and polar coordinates in space. Elements of analytic geometry.
24. Review of linear systems - Linear systems. Solutions of linear systems.
25. Review of matrix calculation - Definitions. Matrix operations. Square matrices. Examples of applications of the matrix calculation.
26. Derivate and differential of several variables - Partial derivatives, total differentials.
3.TREATMENT OF MEASUREMENTS
31.Theory of errors - Measurement features; types of errors: mistakes, systematic, accidental, normal distribution of accidental errors. Errors theory: mean, Method of last squares, Variance, root mean square (r.m.s.). Correlation coefficient.
32. Applications of Theory of Errors - Direct measurements of equal precision, level of confidence; Precision and Accuracy. Measurements of different precision, weighted mean. Error of a variable function of other variables.
4. HORIZZONTAL SURVEY
41. Angle measurement - Angles of interest in topography, altazimuthal goniometers. Theodolite, telescopes collimator, constructive conditions, verification operations. Angles measurement methods, Rule of Bessel. Electronic theodolites
42. Distance measurement - Direct methods, Indirect methods. Electronic measuring distance. Total stations.
43. Surveying schemes - Coordinates in the space: cartesian and polar, switching between polar to cartesian. Coordinates in the plan: cartesian and polar, switching between polar to cartesian. Out of center station, irradiation. Direct intersection, inverse intersection, trilateration. Intersection solution with analytical geometry. Open polygonal with total control, closed polygonal.
44. Overdetermined systems and adjustment - Indeterminate, isodetermined and overdetermined systems; Least-squares adjustment
5. VERTICAL SURVEY
51. Definitions - Altimetric quantites, classification delle leveling. Barometric leveling.
52. Geometric leveling - The level, automatic levels, electronic levels. Geometric leveling, implementation of the measures
53. Trigonometric leveling - Trigonometric leveling, Earth curvature e refraction. Formulas for mutual zeniths and simple zenithals.
6. GEODESY ELEMENTS
61. Earth's form: the Geoide - History of Earth's Form. Centrifugal forces, Newtonian forces, gravity force. The gravitational potential, the equipotential surfaces, the strength lines of the field. The geoid, EGM geoid models. Coordinates on geoid; the spheroid, the normal gravity.
62. Geometry of the ellipsoid - Study of a retort line, oscillating circle, curvature, normal main. Surface study, main normal sections, major radius of curvature. Theories of Euler and Meusnier. The biaxial ellipsoid, coordinated on the ellipsoid, geographic, Cartesian. Normal sections and major radius of curvature the ellipsoid. Media local sphere. fuso sferico, Spherical trigonometry, spherical zone, Theorem of Cavalieri. Solution of spherical triangles, Legendre's theorem. Transformation from Cartesian and Geographic Coordinates, Bowring Formulas. Normal sections, geodetic line and azimuth sections; Clairaut theorem. Length of a parallel arc and a meridian arc.
63. Horizzontal Locations Reference Systems (Horizzontal Datums) - The importance of Geodetic Datums, local and global Datums, horizzontal and vertical Datums. Definition of Local Datums, ellipsoid orientation, vertical deflection. Realization of Geodetic Datums (Frame), triangulation. Geodetic networks in support of cartography support, error propagation. The fundamental network, materialization of trig-point. The first italian Datum (Bessel on Genova), the Cadastral Datum; ROMA40 Datum; ED50 Datum.
64. Vertical Locations Reference Systems (Vertical Datum) - Definition of the Vertical Datum, choice and positioning of the reference surface. The Geoid in the local vision; the tide gauge; the Italian Vertical Datum. Realization of Vertical Datums, the Italian altimetric network, materialization of the bencmark. Geoidic height and ellipsoid height, geoid-ellipsoid separation. The Italian geoid, the ITALGEO2005 model.
65. Global Datum - Global Datums, the WGS84, the ITRS, the ETRS. The italian realization IGM95.
66. Trasformation between Geodetic Systems - The rototrails in the plan, the rototrails in the space, Helmert parameters. The grids, the Verto system adopted by the IGM, the interpolation. The grids in NTv2 format, EPSG codes. Verto On Line. The software CartLab1.
7. POSITIONING WITH SATELLITE
71. GPS (NAVSTAR Global Positioning System) - The principle of positioning, description of the GPS system. The constellation, the control stations, orbit calculations, broadcast ephemeris. The user segment, navigation receivers, geodetic receivers.
72. Other multisatellite systems for positioning - GNSS: Glonas, Galileo, Beidou, IRNSS, QZSS
73. The GPS signal - Structure of the signal, use of codes. Pseudo-range measurements, the absolute positioning; Pseudo-range errors: due to satellites, due to receivers, due to the atmosphere. Intentional limitations of precision. Relative positioning, phase measurements, differences; Double and triple differences, ambiguities calculation.
74. GPS Surveying - Low precision methods, the point positioning, the differential pseudorange. High precision methods, the translocation, static modes, kinematic modes. The RTK method (Real Time Kinematic). DGPS from satellite.
75. Network GPS in Italy - Networks for Real-Time Correction (NRTK), Regional Networks, Private Networks. The National Dynamic Network (RDN), The Decree 10 Nov 2011. RDN monitoring, plaque movements and intraplacal movements.
8. REMOTE SENSING
81. General concepts - Features and advantages of Remote Sensing. Passive and active sensors. The electromagnetic spectrum. Digital image
82. Active remote sensing - Laser scanning - Lidar. Digital elevation models, DSM, DTM. Known altitude points (point clouds), breakline, TIN, regular knit patterns. Interpolations between points, level curves, slope map. Other representations of the altimetric trend. Terrestrial laser scanning. SAR interferometry
83. Passive remote sensing - Satellite scenes, applications. Panchromatic, multispectral, hyperspectral images. Spatial, radiometric, temporal resolution. Heliosynchronous polar orbits. Features of some satellites. Examples of multispectral bands
84. Passive remote sensing: photogrammetry method - Photographic images, digital images. Geometry of the photographic sockets, central projections. Basic hypothesis of photogrammetry. Photogram scale, Ground Sample Distance. Stereoscopic acquisition, collinearity. Restitution. Orthophoto. Terrestrial photogrammetry.
9. CARTOGRAPHY
91. General concepts and definitions - Definition of map, concept of scale, limits of the graphic design. Classification of map with the scale, characteristics of the various scales, conventionals. Classification according to the content, classification according to the acquisition method. Generalization, simplification, repositioning. Map features
92. Map creation - Historical evolution of cartography. Evolution of modern cartography, aerofotogrammetry. Steps of the photogrammetric survey. Steps for cartography training. Photogrammetric acquisition, internal orientation. Relative Orientation, External Orientation. Aerial triangulation, restitution (photointerpretation), reconnaissance. Editing and structuring of the geographical DB. Map design. Marginal information, press of the map
93. Rational cartography - Position of the problem, applicability of the surfaces, total curvature, particular surfaces. Deformations, types of deformations, equations of the map, grids. Classifications according to the deformations: conform, equivalent, afilactic. Classification according to the method of representation: pure projections, for development and analytics. Notes on the Gnomonic and Steregraph projections. Projections for cylindrical and conical development. Notes on the representations of Mercator and conformity of Lambert. Notes on the representation of Gauss. Calculations on the conformal plane of Gauss, convergence of the meridian, reductions to the rope. Reductions of the figures on the Gauss plan.
94. Italian mapping - The first national cartographic system, the cadastral cartographic system. Gauss-Boaga cartography system, the old maps at 25000 and 100000. Cartographic system UTM, and TM, the 50000 and the new 25000, the UTM grid. The cartographic organs of the State
95. Methods for representing the altimetry - Geometric methods: dimensioned planes, level curves, hypsometric colors. Symbolic methods, orographic symbols.
10. GIS (Global Information System)
101. General concepts and definitions - Database, geographic database, vector geometric models, raster and matrix, geometric models. Definition and features of GIS, the geometric component. Components of a GIS, Territorial Information System. Modeling of a geographic database. Management of geographic database, File System and DBMS.
102. Spatial component - Spatial models, vector model, euclidean space. Topological spaces. Geometric primitives, geomeric relations. Topological primitives, topological relations, standard topological models. DIGEST topological models. Georeferencing of images. Scale concept of the geographic database.
103. Functionality of a GIS - Space queries, main operators
104. Interchange formats - DXF, Shapefile, HTML, XML, GML
105. Metadata - General metadata, operational metadata
106. INSPIRE directive - INSPIRE Directive, National Standards